How To Register Your Company In The Uk As A Foreign Entrepreneur

Are you a foreign entrepreneur looking to expand your business horizons? Registering a company in the UK could be your golden ticket to tapping into one of the world’s most dynamic economies. With its robust legal framework and business-friendly environment, the UK offers myriad opportunities for entrepreneurs willing to navigate its registration process.

This guide is designed to walk you through every step, from understanding business structures to opening your first UK bank account.

Establishing a business in the UK comes with a host of benefits that can propel your venture to new heights. However, it’s essential to be well-versed in the legal and financial obligations that accompany this process. In this guide, we’ll explore the various business structures available, the importance of selecting a suitable company name, and the intricacies of complying with UK tax laws.

By the end, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge to successfully bring your business vision to life in the UK.

Introduction to Registering a Company in the UK

Registering a company in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur presents a remarkable opportunity to access one of the world’s most dynamic markets. The UK is renowned for its business-friendly environment, robust legal framework, and status as a global financial hub.

This makes it an attractive destination for entrepreneurs looking to expand their business horizons internationally.Establishing a company in the UK offers numerous benefits, including access to a large consumer base, a skilled workforce, and a supportive infrastructure for innovation. Additionally, the strategic location of the UK provides a gateway to the European market, enhancing trade opportunities and competitive positioning.

Significance of Registering a Company in the UK

Registering a company in the UK is not only a stepping stone for business growth but also a strategic move to align with international standards. The UK government offers various incentives and support systems that facilitate entrepreneurship and innovation.

• The UK ranks high on the ease of doing business index, reflecting its streamlined processes and supportive legal environment.
• Corporations in the UK benefit from a competitive tax regime, with one of the lowest corporate tax rates among the G7 countries.
• Through the UK’s extensive network of trade agreements, companies gain enhanced access to international markets.

Legal Requirements and Obligations for Foreign Entrepreneurs

Navigating the legal landscape is a crucial part of registering a company in the UK. Foreign entrepreneurs must comply with specific legal requirements to establish their presence officially.

• Choose the appropriate business structure: The most common forms are private limited company (Ltd), public limited company (PLC), and limited liability partnership (LLP).
• Registering with Companies House: This is a mandatory step to legally operate in the UK, ensuring the company complies with local regulations.
• Adhering to the UK’s tax obligations: Companies must register for Corporation Tax and, if applicable, for VAT.
• Maintaining proper records: Legal requirements stipulate that entrepreneurs must maintain statutory records and submit annual returns.

Understanding these legal requirements ensures compliance and positions the company for successful operations within the UK.

Understanding the Types of Business Structures in the UK

Establishing a business in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur necessitates a clear understanding of the various business structures available. Choosing the right structure is crucial, as it influences factors like management control, tax obligations, and the level of personal liability.

The UK offers several business structures, each designed to suit different business needs and goals.Business structures in the UK vary from sole proprietorships to complex corporate entities. Understanding these structures helps in making informed decisions that align with your business objectives and operational requirements.

Sole Trader

A sole trader is the simplest form of business structure in the UK and is ideal for individuals who are the sole owners of their business. A sole trader has complete control over the business and its profits.

• Easy to set up with minimal paperwork.
• Full control over business decisions and operations.
• Unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business incurs debt.
• Profits are taxed as personal income.

Partnership

Partnerships involve two or more individuals who share ownership of a business. This structure is suitable for businesses where multiple people wish to collaborate.

• Shared responsibility and expertise among partners.
• Simple to establish, with an agreement to Artikel roles and profit sharing.
• Unlimited liability similar to sole traders, unless a limited liability partnership (LLP) is formed.
• Profits are treated as personal income for each partner.

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

An LLP combines elements of partnerships and companies. It offers the flexibility of a partnership with the benefits of limited liability.

• Partners have limited liability, protecting personal assets from business debts.
• Requires registration with Companies House.
• Suitable for professional services firms.
• Partnership agreement typically needed to define roles and profit sharing.

Private Limited Company (Ltd)

A Private Limited Company is a separate legal entity from its owners, offering limited liability protection.

• Owners’ personal assets are protected from business debts.
• Subject to corporate tax, which can be advantageous for larger profits.
• Need to file annual returns and financial statements.
• Shares cannot be publicly traded.

Public Limited Company (PLC)

A PLC is similar to a private limited company but can offer its shares to the public.

• Ability to raise capital through public share offerings.
• Stringent regulatory and reporting requirements.
• Minimum share capital required to set up (£50,000).
• Greater transparency and accountability required.

Characteristics of UK Business Structures

The following table summarizes the key characteristics of each business structure available in the UK:

Business Structure	Control	Liability	Taxation	Setup Complexity
Sole Trader	Individual	Unlimited	Personal Income Tax	Low
Partnership	Shared	Unlimited	Personal Income Tax	Medium
LLP	Shared	Limited	Personal Income Tax	Medium
Private Limited Company (Ltd)	Directors	Limited	Corporate Tax	High
Public Limited Company (PLC)	Directors	Limited	Corporate Tax	Very High

Name Selection and Verification Process

Choosing the right name for your company is a crucial step in establishing your business identity in the UK. Not only does it represent your brand, but it also complies with legal requirements set out by the Companies House. A well-selected company name can facilitate marketing efforts and leave a lasting impression on potential customers and partners.When selecting a company name, entrepreneurs need to ensure it is distinctive, not misleading, and compliant with UK regulations.

The name should not be too similar to existing businesses and should avoid sensitive words unless permission is obtained. Additionally, the name should reflect the nature and values of your business.

Criteria for Choosing a Company Name

The selection of a company name should be guided by specific criteria to ensure compatibility with UK regulations and brand effectiveness.

• Originality:The name must be unique and not too similar to any existing company names registered with Companies House. This prevents potential confusion and infringement issues.
• Compliance:Avoid using restricted words or expressions unless you have official permission. Certain words may suggest a connection to government entities or imply a certain business status.
• Relevance and Simplicity:The name should reflect your business activities and be easy to remember and pronounce, aiding in marketing and brand recall.
• Web Domain Availability:It is advisable to check if the associated web domain is available for your company’s online presence.

Process for Verifying the Availability of a Company Name

Before settling on a name, it is essential to verify its availability to ensure it can be legally registered.Firstly, conduct a preliminary search on the Companies House register to check for existing companies with similar names. This can be done online through the Companies House website.

Additionally, checking trademark registers and domain name availability can further confirm the uniqueness of the name.For a more comprehensive verification, consider using professional services that specialize in company name searches. These services can provide detailed reports and assist in navigating any potential legal hurdles.

Examples of Successful Company Names

Successful company names often exhibit characteristics of brand alignment, memorability, and simplicity. For instance, “Innocent Drinks” effectively conveys the brand’s commitment to healthy, natural products. Its simplicity and straightforwardness make it easily recognizable and relatable to health-conscious consumers.Another example is “BrewDog,” a name that immediately resonates with craft beer enthusiasts.

The name is bold, reflects the company’s rebellious brand ethos, and is easy to recall.

“The right company name serves as the foundation for your brand identity and can significantly influence how your business is perceived in the marketplace.”

Selecting and verifying a company name is a pivotal step that requires careful consideration and due diligence. By adhering to the Artikeld criteria and processes, foreign entrepreneurs can establish a solid foundation for their business in the UK market.

Registering with Companies House

Navigating the process of registering your company with Companies House is a crucial step for foreign entrepreneurs aiming to establish their business in the UK. This step not only legitimizes your company in the eyes of the law but also sets the stage for a successful business operation.

Understanding the detailed process and ensuring all necessary documents and information are in order can significantly ease this transition.Before diving into the specifics, it’s important to recognize Companies House as the official register of companies in the UK. It maintains all the necessary records and provides an official platform for business registration.

This registration provides legal recognition and grants your business the right to operate within the UK market.

Step-by-step Registration Process

To register your company with Companies House, you need to follow a standardized procedure that includes various steps designed to ensure compliance and accuracy.

1. Select a Company Name

Ensure the name is unique and complies with UK naming regulations. It should not be similar to existing names or contain sensitive words without permission.

2. Decide on a Business Structure

Choose the appropriate business structure, such as a private limited company (Ltd), limited liability partnership (LLP), or another suitable form.

3. Prepare Required Documents

Gather all essential documents, including the Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, and details of directors and shareholders.

4. Complete Form IN01

This form requires information on the company name, registered office address, company director(s), and share capital, if applicable.

5. Submit the Application

You can file your application electronically via the Companies House web portal or by sending paper documents via mail.

Checklist of Required Documents and Information

Having a comprehensive checklist ensures nothing is overlooked during registration. Here’s what you need:

• Memorandum of Association: A legal statement signed by all initial shareholders or guarantors agreeing to form the company.
• Articles of Association: Artikels the company’s constitution and defines the responsibilities of directors, the type of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
• Details of Directors and Shareholders: Full names, addresses, and other relevant personal information.
• Company’s Registered Office Address: This must be a physical address in the UK.
• Share Capital: Details of the company’s share structure, including the number and value of shares.
• Form IN01: Completed form with all necessary details about the company and its structure.

Online and Offline Registration Methods

Registering your company can be done both online and offline, depending on your preferences and resource availability.

Online Registration

This method is favored for its speed and convenience. By using the Companies House online service, you can complete the registration process within 24 hours, provided all documents and information are accurate. The cost is typically lower compared to paper submission.

Offline Registration

Involves mailing the completed Form IN01 along with the necessary documents to Companies House. This method may take longer, usually 8 to 10 days, and is more costly. It is often used by those who prefer a more traditional approach or lack reliable internet access.Both methods require accuracy and thoroughness in documentation.

Online registration is recommended for quicker processing, while offline registration serves those who value traditional methods or have specific case needs.

“Registering with Companies House is a critical step that transforms your business from a concept into a legal entity, enabling you to operate within the UK market with confidence and legitimacy.”

Understanding Taxation and Financial Obligations

Foreign entrepreneurs aiming to establish a company in the UK must navigate a series of taxation requirements and financial obligations. These are critical to ensure compliance and to leverage the financial advantages of operating within the UK.The taxation landscape in the UK is shaped by several factors, including the type of business structure.

It’s important to understand these dynamics to optimize tax liabilities and stay compliant with UK regulations.

Tax Policies for Foreign Entrepreneurs

The UK’s tax policies are designed to be competitive and transparent, encouraging foreign investment. Foreign entrepreneurs are subject to various taxes, including corporation tax, value-added tax (VAT), and potentially others, depending on their business activities and structure.

• Corporation Tax: As of 2023, the standard corporation tax rate is 25% for profits over £250,000. For profits below this threshold, a lower rate may apply.
• VAT: This is a consumption tax charged on most goods and services, set at 20%. However, certain items may be exempt or charged at reduced rates.
• National Insurance Contributions: This applies if you employ staff in the UK, contributing towards social security.

Tax Rates for Different Business Structures

The choice of business structure can influence the applicable tax rates. Here’s a comparison of tax rates for various structures:

Business Structure	Corporation Tax Rate	VAT
Private Limited Company	25% (Standard Rate)	20% (Standard Rate)
Sole Trader	Income Tax Rates Apply	20% (Standard Rate)
Partnership	Income Tax Rates Apply	20% (Standard Rate)

Managing Financial Obligations and Compliance

Proper management of financial obligations is crucial for the smooth operation of your UK business. Regular audits, timely tax filings, and compliance with financial regulations are imperative.

• Ensure timely submission of annual accounts and confirmation statements to Companies House.
• Maintain accurate financial records to facilitate audits and tax assessments.
• Consider hiring a qualified accountant familiar with UK tax laws to assist with compliance and financial management.

“Effective financial management not only ensures compliance but also enhances business sustainability and growth.”

Understanding and adhering to these financial and taxation obligations will help you avoid legal issues and take advantage of the UK’s business-friendly environment.

Navigating Legal and Regulatory Requirements

The landscape of legal and regulatory requirements in the UK can seem daunting for foreign entrepreneurs. However, understanding these obligations is crucial for a seamless company registration process. Adherence to these laws ensures compliance and aids in establishing your business smoothly in a new jurisdiction.In the UK, the regulatory framework is designed to ensure fair business practices and protect the interests of various stakeholders.

It is imperative to familiarize yourself with the relevant laws, as non-compliance can lead to penalties or even business closure. The critical elements include understanding employment laws, recognizing the key regulatory bodies, and acknowledging the mandatory legal obligations.

Understanding UK Employment Laws and Regulations

Employment laws in the UK play a significant role in shaping the operations of your business. They are designed to protect both employers and employees, ensuring a fair working environment. As a foreign entrepreneur, it is essential to understand these laws to avoid legal pitfalls.

• Employment Contracts: It’s vital to provide written employment contracts outlining the roles, responsibilities, and terms of employment.
• Minimum Wage: Compliance with the UK’s National Minimum Wage or National Living Wage is mandatory, based on employee age and status.
• Working Hours: The Working Time Regulations stipulate maximum working hours, rest periods, and annual leave entitlements.
• Health and Safety: Employers are required to provide a safe working environment, adhering to the Health and Safety at Work Act.

Key Regulatory Bodies and Their Roles

Several regulatory bodies govern company registration and operations in the UK. These institutions ensure businesses operate within the legal frameworks and maintain ethical standards.

1. Companies House: This is the registrar of companies in the UK, responsible for incorporating and dissolving limited companies, and ensuring public records of companies are up-to-date.
2. HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC): Oversees tax collection and compliance, ensuring businesses fulfill their tax obligations accurately and timely.
3. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA): Regulates financial services firms, ensuring markets work well for consumers, businesses, and the economy.
4. Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO): Enforces data protection laws, crucial for companies dealing with personal data.

Understanding the interplay between various regulatory requirements and bodies is essential for legal compliance and sustainable business operations.

By grasping these aspects, foreign entrepreneurs can navigate the UK’s regulatory landscape effectively, establishing robust and compliant business operations.

Opening a Business Bank Account

Opening a business bank account in the UK is a crucial step for foreign entrepreneurs aiming to establish a clear financial structure for their business operations. This process not only helps in managing the financial transactions effectively but also enhances the credibility of the business in the eyes of clients and partners.

Furthermore, having a business bank account is essential for compliance with UK regulations and taxation requirements.To open a business bank account in the UK, foreign entrepreneurs need to follow a systematic approach. It involves selecting a suitable bank, choosing the right type of account, and preparing the necessary documentation required by the banks to verify the business’s legitimacy and the entrepreneur’s identity.

Selecting a Suitable Bank and Account Type

Choosing the right bank and account type is the first step in opening a business bank account. Entrepreneurs should consider various factors, including the bank’s reputation, the services offered, and the costs involved, to ensure they select the most suitable option for their business needs.

• Consider banks that have a strong international presence and experience in dealing with foreign clients. These banks are likely to have a better understanding of the needs and challenges faced by foreign entrepreneurs.
• Evaluate the types of business accounts offered by different banks. Some banks provide specialized accounts tailored to specific industries or business models, which may offer additional benefits such as lower fees or added features.
• Review the fees associated with the account, including monthly maintenance fees, transaction fees, and charges for international transactions. Selecting an account with a transparent fee structure is vital to managing operational costs effectively.
• Assess the additional services offered by the bank, such as online banking, multi-currency accounts, and financial advisory services, to determine which features align with your business needs.

Documentation Required by Banks for Foreign Entrepreneurs

When opening a business bank account in the UK, foreign entrepreneurs must provide specific documentation to verify their identity and the legitimacy of their business. Providing accurate and complete documentation is crucial to avoid delays in the account opening process.

• Proof of Identity:Passport or a valid national ID card for personal identification.
• Proof of Address:Recent utility bills, bank statements, or a rental agreement that provides proof of residence.
• Business Registration Documents:Certificate of Incorporation, Memorandum and Articles of Association, and company registration number from Companies House.
• Tax Identification Number:If applicable, provide your company’s tax identification number for verification and compliance purposes.
• Business Plan and Financial Projections:Some banks might request a business plan and financial forecasts to better understand the nature of your business and its financial health.

“Establishing a business bank account not only facilitates smooth financial operations but also builds trust with clients and stakeholders, enhancing the business’s professional image.”

By following these steps and ensuring all necessary documentation is ready, foreign entrepreneurs can efficiently open a business bank account in the UK, setting a strong foundation for their business operations.

Hiring Employees and Workforce Management

Hiring employees in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur involves navigating a complex landscape of legal requirements and strategic management practices. Understanding the best methods for recruiting and hiring, while ensuring compliance with UK employment laws, is crucial for building a successful business.Recruitment in the UK requires an approach that aligns with both the legal standards and the cultural expectations of the local workforce.

This involves crafting effective job descriptions, understanding where to post job ads, and knowing how to conduct interviews that highlight the best candidates for your company.

Strategies for Recruiting and Hiring Employees

Effective recruitment strategies are essential for attracting the right talent in the UK. Consider the following approaches:

• Utilize established job boards like Indeed, Glassdoor, and LinkedIn, which are popular platforms in the UK for both employers and job seekers.
• Engage with recruitment agencies that specialize in your industry. They can provide valuable insights and access to a pool of potential candidates.
• Attend job fairs and networking events. These platforms offer opportunities to meet potential employees and industry professionals face-to-face.
• Develop a strong employer brand that highlights your company culture, values, and benefits to attract top talent.

Legal Requirements for Employment Contracts and Employee Rights

In the UK, there are specific legal obligations that employers must adhere to when hiring employees. Ensuring compliance with these laws is vital:

• Provide a written statement of employment particulars, which Artikels the main terms and conditions of employment, on or before the employee’s start date.
• Ensure all employees have the right to work in the UK by conducting appropriate checks using official documentation.
• Understand the minimum wage requirements and ensure all employees are paid at least the statutory rate.
• Respect employee rights regarding working hours, holidays, and workplace safety, as stipulated in the Employment Rights Act 1996.

Effective Workforce Management Practices

Managing a workforce effectively involves implementing practices that promote productivity and satisfaction among employees. Consider these examples:

• Encourage open communication by holding regular meetings and feedback sessions to understand employee concerns and suggestions.
• Implement a structured onboarding process to ensure new hires are acclimated to the company culture and processes, increasing their engagement and productivity.
• Invest in employee development through training programs, workshops, and opportunities for career advancement.
• Foster a positive work environment by promoting work-life balance, offering flexible working arrangements, and recognizing employee achievements.

By strategically approaching recruitment, ensuring legal compliance, and fostering a supportive work environment, foreign entrepreneurs can effectively manage their workforce in the UK, driving business success and sustainability.

Marketing and Promoting Your Company

Launching a company in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur is a remarkable achievement, but success hinges on how effectively you market and promote your business. In a competitive market, it is crucial to adopt a strategic approach that leverages both traditional and digital marketing strategies.

Understanding the landscape and utilizing the right tools can significantly enhance your company’s visibility and customer engagement.Marketing in today’s digital age means embracing the power of online platforms. Digital marketing and social media have revolutionized how businesses reach audiences, offering cost-effective and scalable solutions.

These tools allow you to target specific demographics with precision, track engagement, and adjust strategies in real-time for optimal results.

Digital Marketing Strategy

A well-rounded digital marketing strategy is crucial for building a strong presence in the UK market. It involves leveraging various online channels to connect with potential customers and build brand awareness. Here are some elements to consider:

• Search Engine Optimization ():Optimizing your website to rank higher in search engine results increases visibility and attracts more organic traffic.
• Content Marketing:Creating valuable and relevant content that informs and engages your audience can establish your authority in the industry.
• Social Media Marketing:Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn enable you to reach and interact with a large audience, fostering community and brand loyalty.
• Email Marketing:Regular newsletters and promotional emails can nurture leads and maintain communication with your customer base.
• Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising:Targeted ads on search engines and social media can generate immediate traffic and conversions.

Role of Social Media in Business Promotion

Social media is a powerful tool for engaging with customers and building a brand. It allows companies to reach vast audiences, present their values, and interact directly with consumers. Here are some ways social media can benefit your business:

• Brand Awareness:Regular posts and updates keep your brand in the public eye, helping to attract new customers and retain existing ones.
• Customer Engagement:Interactive content, such as polls and quizzes, encourages audience participation and strengthens customer relationships.
• Influencer Collaborations:Partnering with influencers can expand your reach and introduce your brand to new audiences.

Popular Marketing Channels and Their Potential Reach

Understanding the reach and impact of various marketing channels can help you allocate resources effectively. Below is a table that Artikels some popular channels and their potential reach:

Marketing Channel	Potential Reach
	High, but depends on the competitiveness of s
Social Media	Extensive, especially with targeted ads and viral content
Email Marketing	Moderate to High, depending on list quality and engagement
PPC Advertising	Immediate and scalable, with potential for high conversion rates
Content Marketing	Long-term reach with continuous engagement

By strategically combining these marketing efforts, you can create a comprehensive approach that enhances your company’s visibility and drives growth in the UK market. This integrated strategy not only helps in reaching a broad audience but also in establishing a strong foothold in the competitive business landscape.

Additional Resources and Support for Foreign Entrepreneurs

Starting a business in a foreign country can be a daunting task, but the UK offers a plethora of resources and support systems to assist foreign entrepreneurs in navigating the business landscape effectively. These resources range from governmental organizations to private networks that provide guidance, financial support, and networking opportunities, making the transition smoother and more accessible.Foreign entrepreneurs in the UK can benefit from several dedicated organizations and resources that aim to support business growth and facilitate understanding of the UK market.

These resources often provide personalized advice, workshops, and mentorship programs.

Organizations and Resources Providing Support

Numerous organizations are available to provide foreign entrepreneurs with the support they need to establish and grow their businesses in the UK. These organizations offer a wealth of information and assistance regarding regulatory compliance, market entry strategies, and business development.

• UK Trade and Investment (UKTI):Offers support and advice to businesses wishing to set up in the UK, assisting with market research and industry insights.
• British Chambers of Commerce:A network providing local and international businesses with practical advice, support, and networking opportunities.
• Enterprise Europe Network:Helps businesses innovate and grow internationally, offering support in finding business partners and accessing new markets.
• Department for International Trade (DIT):Provides valuable resources and expertise to help foreign businesses establish a presence in the UK, including advice on market potential and investment opportunities.

Grants, Subsidies, and Incentives

Foreign entrepreneurs can tap into a variety of financial supports available in the UK, aimed at facilitating business innovation and expansion. These supports come in the form of grants, subsidies, and tax incentives designed to encourage entrepreneurship and investment.

Exploring these financial aids can significantly reduce the initial cost burden and boost business growth potential.

• Innovate UK Grants:Funding opportunities for businesses engaging in innovative projects that drive economic growth.
• Regional Growth Fund (RGF):Offers grants to businesses for projects that create private sector employment and economic growth.
• R&D Tax Credits:Tax relief offered to businesses that engage in research and development activities, encouraging innovation.

Networking Opportunities and Communities

Building a robust network is crucial for business success, especially in a new environment. The UK hosts a vibrant community of business networks and events that provide foreign entrepreneurs with valuable connections and industry insights.Engaging with these communities can provide entrepreneurs with insider knowledge, collaboration opportunities, and access to potential partners and customers.

• Meetup Groups:Host various business and industry-specific events where entrepreneurs can meet like-minded individuals.
• Coworking Spaces:Offer not only workspace but also regular networking events and workshops for members.
• Industry Conferences:Provide platforms for knowledge exchange, networking with industry leaders, and discovering market trends and innovations.

Epilogue

In conclusion, registering your company in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur is a journey filled with exciting possibilities and significant responsibilities. From selecting the right business structure to understanding legal obligations, each step is crucial in setting up a successful enterprise.

By leveraging the resources and support available, you can navigate this process with confidence. Whether you’re seeking to establish a small startup or a large corporation, the UK market offers fertile ground for innovation and growth. Dive in and turn your entrepreneurial dreams into reality.

FAQ Corner

What is the first step to register a company in the UK as a foreign entrepreneur?

The first step is to decide on the type of business structure you want to establish, such as a sole trader, partnership, or limited company.

Can I register a company in the UK online?

Yes, you can register your company online through Companies House, the UK’s registrar of companies.

Do I need a UK business address to register my company?

Yes, a UK business address is required for company registration, but you can use a virtual office address if you don’t have a physical location.

Are there any tax benefits for foreign entrepreneurs in the UK?

While there are no specific tax benefits for foreign entrepreneurs, the UK’s competitive corporate tax rates can be advantageous.

How long does it take to register a company in the UK?

The registration process is usually completed within 24 hours when done online, but it may take longer if done by post.